A number of equations are also given at world of mathematics and in the ogp guidance note 7. Map projections a working manual usgs pp 95, john p. The accuracy of data and the correctness of queries used in these applications depend mainly on the choice of map projections constituting the map sheet of the application area. Gmt map projections gmt implements more than 30 different projections. The particular equations for calculating x, y values from. Or, get an accelerated course in orthographic projection at wikipedia. It contains few formulas, being a narration rather than a manual.
Coordinate conversions and transformations including formulas. Manchuk the frame of reference is an important aspect of natural resource modeling. These kinds of projections distort angles and areas close to the poles. The latitudelongitude grids are in binary format and are stored as long word integers 4 byte scaled by 100,000. Each array location i,j contains the latitude or longitude value at the center of the corresponding data grid cells. It defines the origin and orientation of latitude and longitude lines. Every distinct map projection distorts in a distinct way. The book map projections a working manual is reprint of usgs publication under same name by mit. This text blends fascinating historical tidbits on each type of projection along with full coverage of the. Online map projections a working manual by john snyder ebook pdf download.
The beginning of the book contains substantial introductory information about map projection families and distortions. Antiti map projections tn 6 a map is a representation of all or part of the earth drawn on a flat surface at a specific scale. The formula for the mercator projection is given as an example for plotting projections. The scale of a map is the ratio of a distance on the map to the corresponding distance on the ground. If projection is not specified here it uses projaeqd azimuthal equidistant. Similarly, a cartographer, designer, editor, or anyone who wants. Conversion of latitude and longitude to utm coordinates. Combining science, aesthetics, and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information. From cartography of the universe to molecular cartography.
The radius of curvature varies with direction and latitude. Although they can represent size, shape, distance and directions of the earth features with reasonable accuracy, globes are not. Map projections synonyms, map projections pronunciation, map projections translation, english dictionary definition of map projections. The book and its contents are great and i am happy to have this book. A working manual and an album of map projections for further reference. A guide to selecting map projections for world and hemisphere maps. Garmin 276c wont turn on even when plugged into power. A reference manual crc press book map projection concerns the science of mathematical cartography, the techniques by which the earths dimensions, shape and features are translated in map form, be that twodimensional paper or two or three. Depending on the purpose of the map, some distortions are acceptable and others are not. They all project the input coordinates longitude and latitude to positions on a map. The term cartography is a compound made of two greek words. The auxiliary latitudes defined below have been expressed in terms of the semimajor axis, a, and the eccentricity, e, in forms which agree, apart from notational variants, with those given in the standard reference for map projections, namely map projections a working manual by snyder.
Word offers many features that help you present a wide range of different documents, and some can be confusing if youre unfamiliar with them. The gnomonic projection is limited by its perspective point and. The recommendations below are a simplification of whats on the web. This book is an appropriate text for a course in the mathematical aspects of mapping and cartography. An orthographic projection map is a map projection of cartography.
Several types of projection software is also mentioned. Map projections a working manual by john snyder doc. Since any map projection is a representation of a spheres surface on a plane, all map projections distort. Extended examples are given for several mapping problems of interest. I dont know if it would be helpful but you might want to look at john p. For details, as well as a comprehensive discussion of advantages and disadvantages of different projection systems, see. Bw pdf graphics optimized for printing from the browser aiming to present online, as complete a collection as possible, historical published map projections currently 317 pdf outlines, with the date of the original but no.
Anrptated inventory and description of the john parr snyder papers. The central focus of this book is on the theory of map projections. This simple concept is complicated by the curvature of the earths surface, which forces scale to vary across a map. Map projection concerns the science of mathematical cartography, the techniques by which the earths dimensions, shape and features are translated in map form, be that twodimensional paper or two or three dimensional electronic representations. If you are interested in full formulas and mathematics, you should buy the other j. A working manual 1987 is available online as a pdf from the u. A map would also usually give its scale numerically 1. Printed or static, pdf maps, however, traditionally use conformal projections. Selecting map projections in minimizing area distortions. The act of projecting or the condition of being projected.
A datum provides a frame of reference for measuring locations on the surface of the earth. Selecting map projections in minimizing area distortions in. Bills quick guide to map projections simple rules for simple maps a full catalog of all the projections available in arcgis is available on my website. The traditional way to calculate the global distortion of a given area in a map projection is to create what we call a local distortion criterion that is a function of the infinitesimal semiaxes. A map of the earth is a representation of a curved surface on a plane. Until the mid18th century this was done by manual drafting. This chapter focuses on projections for world and hemisphere. For larger scale maps, including topographic quadrangles and the state base map series, conformal projections such as the transverse mercator and the lambert conformal conic are used. Projections tend to be the most accurate along the point or line at which they touch the planet. The main users manual for proj, however, this verticaldatums working notes on the project to support vertical datums in map projections. Geological survey professional paper 95, united states government printing office, washington dc, 1987, p24, in the plane of the meridian it is given by r a 1 e2 1 e2 sin2lat3. In some cases, a geographic journal contained papers on map projections only until a. All map projections distort the surface in some fashion. Snyder, usgs, 1987 a pdf of the entire 385page book map projections.
A map projection is any method of representing the surface of a sphere or other threedimensional body on a plane. Computer applications, and efficient algorithms are presented. The only thing that i am not happy with is the small fonts of the book contents. Geological survey professional paper 95, 385 pages. A map projection is the transformation of earths curved surface or a portion of. Map projections definition of map projections by the. One of these is the insert pdf to word tool, which enables you to insert a pdf file into a word document in its entirety, or by attaching it as a clickable object.
Interested readers can find an extensive list of mapping equations with numerical examples in map projections a working manual by j. This is a summary of map projections that have articles of their own on wikipedia or that are otherwise notable. A guide to map projections in modern cartography texts, by. This book is a classic one, it explains the history of map projections very well. Coordinate specifications for spatial data exchange between minnesota state agencies date issued. Each shape can touch or cut through the earth at any point and from any angle, dramatically changing the area that is most accurate and the shape of the finished map. The second kind of grid data is termed in this manual a zone map. Misuse of this projection in attempts to spread it over large areas that is, to construct a single map of a large area has developed serious errors and gross exaggeration of details. It is also modeled more accurately as an oblate spheroid or an ellipsoid. Basic cartographic principles are integrated with up to date discussions of gis. Since the mass of the earth is not uniform at all points, and the direction of gravity changes, the. Pdf a guide to selecting map projections for world and. This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for. Beginning almost two thousand years ago with marinus and ptolemy, map projections have played a very significant role in cartography.
Map projections page 3 introduction to map projections although earth images and map data that you use are typically rendered onto flat surfaces such as your computer screen or a sheet of paper, the earths surface obviously is not flat. It gives full details of most projections, together with introductory sections, but it does not derive any of the projections from first principles. The study of map projections is the characterization of these distortions. Pdf on dec 1, 2011, nedjeljko francula and others published books on map projections on the internet find, read. Snyder abstract after decades of using only one map projection, the polyconic, for its mapping program, the u. Map projections a working manual is, in my humble opinion, the definitive reference for map projections and the author, john p. Because of this variation, the concept of scale becomes meaningful in two distinc. This accessible text prepares students to understand and work with geographic information systems gis, offering a detailed introduction to essential theories, concepts, and skills. Dec 01, 2015 from cartography of the universe to molecular cartography the use of map projections from cartography of the universe to molecular cartography the use of map projections pedzich, pawel 20151201 00. Figure 20 reveals that there is a larger map display referred to as the main map display area and three smaller ones referred to as the top, middle, and bottom map display areas. Paper 410, ccg annual report 11, 2009 2009 4101 conversion of latitude and longitude to utm coordinates john g. See usgs professional paper 95, map projections a working manual by john p. The goal here is to make quick, easy reference maps for illustrations, not to cover every special case or technicality.
Nga standardization document map projections for geoint. Mathematical cartography also takes in map scales and their variation, the. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Map projections are useful for presentation purposes and to simplify calculations of distances, areas, and. In general, x fx,y,z and y gx,y,z, where z is implicitly given as the radial vector length to the x,y point on the chosen ellipsoid. The coordinates on map projections are the transfer of ellipsoidal geographic coordinates onto the map or plane using a proper projection method. The geoid is defined as the surface of the earths gravity field, which is approximately the same as mean sea level. This is the only variant of the three that correctly supports projection of ellipsoids. Map projections are of interest to workers in many fields. United states government printing office, washington, d. All map projections distort linear scale, all over the map. Because of this variation, the concept of scale becomes meaningful in two distinct ways. The gnomonic ellipsoidal variant is available in arcgis pro 1. And having a couple of alternative equalarea projections in ones toolkit can enhance this understanding.
Because there is no limit to the number of possible map projections, there can be no comprehensive list. The gnomonic projection is limited by its perspective point and cannot project a line that is 90 or more from the center point. In a wide sense, all projections with the point of perspective at infinity and therefore parallel projecting lines are considered as orthographic, regardless of the surface onto which they are projected. He follows this with the details of 25 families of projections. The post1973 editions of the alaska map e more nearly approximate an equidistant conic map projection. It is perpendicular to the direction of gravity pull. Approved by the minnesota governors council on geographic information june 9, 1998. Maps were devised because they are much easier to use, store, and transport than globes, and they facilitated the development of much larger. Like the stereographic projection and gnomonic projection, orthographic projection is a perspective or azimuthal projection, in which the sphere is projected onto a tangent plane or secant plane. Influence of the scale factor on the projection stack exchange. Snyder gives an overview of map projection characteristics, in full detail. The book is organized in four modular parts that can be used in any sequence in entrylevel and more specialized courses. Geological survey usgs now uses several of the more common projections for its published maps. After decades of using only one map projection, the polyconic, for its mapping program, the u.